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Future Tense
FUTURE TENSE (Kurukh Verb – Rules, Table, Examples)
Kurukh में Future Tense (भविष्य काल) simple structure पर बनता है — सभी verbs का base/root + o (future marker vowel) + personal/gender ending:
- सभी genders, numbers के लिए central tense marker: -o
- Person/number marking के लिए suffix बदलता है—no root mutation
- Masculine: –on, –os, –om, –or; Feminine/Neuter: –on/–oe/–o, context/root के अनुसार; Neuter plural: –o
Future Tense Paradigm (verb: esnA “to break”):
| Person | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iमैं | en es'onen eson
|
en es'onen eson
|
en es'oen eso
|
| Thouतुम / आप | nin es'oenin esoe
|
nin es'oenin esoe
|
nin es'onin eso
|
| He/She/Itवह / यह | As es'osas esos
|
Aw es'oadd eso
|
i:w es'oad eso
|
| Weहमलोग | em es'omem esom
|
em es'omem esom
|
em es'oem eso
|
| You (pl.)आपलोग | nim es'ornim esor
|
nim es'ornim esor
|
nim es'onim eso
|
| Theyवे / ये | Ar es'ordr esor
|
Ar es'ordr esor
|
ibdSA es'oabrd eso
|
- वचन (sing/pl), gender marking केवल ending से; neuter plural –o (same as neuter sg.)
- borrowed, irregular, or Hindi origin verbs—same paradigm
Rules & Usage:
- Future definite/imperative, habitual, wish/conditional सब इसी “o-suffix + end” पर चलते हैं
- Compound/resultative: auxiliary ([translate:khacna] — to finish, [translate:cukna] — to complete) के साथ: [translate:en esd khacon] — I will have broken
- Negative: “mal” (not) particle—en es'on mal - en es'on mal - एन एसओन मल — मैं नहीं तोड़ूँगा
- Questions: marker + inversion — [translate:kdoe eso?] — when will you break?
Examples:
-
en es'on en es'on
-
Aw es'o Aw es'o
-
Ar es'or Ar es'or
-
ibdSA / abdSA es'o ibdSA / abdSA es'o
-
em es'om em es'om
-
nin es'oe nin es'oe
-
en es'on mal en es'on mal
Practice: Future Tense (Kurukh) Drill
- MCQ:
[translate:"they (irrational) will break" Kurukh future में?]
abrd eso dr esor abrd esor - Fill:
[translate:"I will not break" Kurukh में future pattern:] - Short answer:
[translate:Kurukh future tense formation में मुख्य suffix व usage rule explain करें.]
PLUPERFECT TENSE (Kurukh – Verb Esna – Rules, Table, Examples)
Kurukh में Pluperfect Tense (past perfect, i.e., “I had broken”) compound auxiliary “raand” (“to remain”; Hindi ‘rahna’) के साथ form होता है:
- Structure: past inflected verb + auxiliary “raand” past form + pronominal ending
- Verb (root+past) + raand-conjugation (person/gender/number marking)
- किसी भी subject/gender/number को auxiliary के साथ fully agree करना होता है
Paradigm Table (verb: esnA “to break”):
| Person | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iमैं | en eskan ra'ackanen eskan ra'ackan
|
en eski ra'ac'anen eski ra'ac'an
|
—अलग neuter रूप लागू नहीं |
| Thouतुम / आप | nin eskai ra'ackainin eskai ra'ackai
|
nin eski ra'ackinin eski ra'acki
|
—अलग neuter रूप लागू नहीं |
| He/She/Itवह / यह | As eskas ra'acasAs eskas ra'acas
|
Aw eski ra'acAAw eski ra'acA
|
i:w eski ra'acAi:w eski ra'acA
|
| Weहमलोग | em eskam ra'ackamem eskam ra'ackam
|
em eskam ra'ac'amem eskam ra'ac'am
|
—अलग neuter रूप लागू नहीं |
| You (pl.)आपलोग | nim eskar ra'ackarnim eskar ra'ackar
|
nim eskai ra'ackainim eskai ra'ackai
|
—अलग neuter रूप लागू नहीं |
| Theyवे / ये | Ar eskar ra'acarAr eskar ra'acar
|
Ar eskai ra'acaiAr eskai ra'acai
|
ibdSaw / abdSaw iski ra'acAibdSaw / abdSaw iski ra'acA
|
- auxiliary “raand” (past: racan, etc.) — all forms agree with subject; person/gender/number distinctly marked
- neuter plural “abrd racd” — verb form neuter singular रखता (Dravidian convention)
Rules & Usage:
- Pluperfect — “had broken”, “had eaten”, “had gone”, etc. — for narrative, reported speech, order of past actions
- Negative: [translate:en eskan racan mail] — I had not broken
- Questions: pattern inversion ([translate:kdoe eskan racan?] — when had I broken?)
- Irregular verbs — same auxiliary structure, past root mutation if needed
Examples:
-
en eskan ra'ackan en eskan ra'ackan
-
Aw eski ra'acA Aw eski ra'acA
-
Ar eskar ra'acar Ar eskar ra'acar
-
ibdSaw / abdSaw iski ra'acA ibdSaw / abdSaw iski ra'acA
-
em eskam ra'ackam em eskam ra'ackam
-
en eskan ra'ackan mal en eskan ra'ackan mal
Practice: Pluperfect Tense (Kurukh) — 5 Questions
- MCQ:
[translate:"they (irrational/neuter) had broken" Kurukh pluperfect form?]
abrd eskd racd dr estar racar abrd eskd racar - Fill:
[translate:"I had not broken" Kurukh pluperfect में सही conjugation:] - Paradigm table:
[translate:"we had broken" Kurukh pluperfect में है?] - Short answer:
[translate:Pluperfect में auxiliary और main verb दोनों में कौन-कौन से past agreement की ज़रूरत है?] - Challenge:
[translate:"she had broken" Pluperfect में Kurukh phrase लिखें.]
Knowledge check
10 प्रश्नों में अपनी समझ जाँचें
एक समय में एक प्रश्न। उत्तर देने के बाद explanation मिलेगा, फिर अगला प्रश्न खुलेगा।
1 / 10Question
1. Future Tense का central marker क्या है?
2. “I will break” कौन-सा है?
3. “She will break” कौन-सा है?
4. “They (masc.) will break” कौन-सा है?
5. “They (neuter) will break” कौन-सा है?
6. “I will not break” कौन-सा है?
7. Future formation में root mutation आवश्यक है।
8. Future person/number marking ending से बदलता है।
9. “We will break” Roman form लिखें।
10. “I will not break” Roman form लिखें।
Completed